{"id":1406,"date":"2018-11-09T16:23:55","date_gmt":"2018-11-09T21:23:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.gsd.harvard.edu\/maps\/2018\/11\/09\/fluid-equilibrium\/"},"modified":"2025-02-21T13:32:35","modified_gmt":"2025-02-21T18:32:35","slug":"fluid-equilibrium","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/research.gsd.harvard.edu\/maps\/2018\/11\/09\/fluid-equilibrium\/","title":{"rendered":"Fluid Equilibrium"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/research.gsd.harvard.edu\/maps\/research\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2\">Research<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fluid Equilibrium<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e4d4056aa36&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" class=\"wp-block-image wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on-async--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/research.gsd.harvard.edu\/maps\/files\/2024\/11\/01_Seibold-1120x478-1.jpg\" alt=\"Detail image of ferro-tile cast in epoxy resin\" class=\"wp-image-6427\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif\">Researchers at the Material Processes and Systems Group have developed a computationally-based manufacturing process that allows for variable pattern casting through the use of ferrofluid \u2013 a mixture of suspended magnetic nanoparticles in a carrier liquid. The capacity of ferrofluid to form intricate spike and labyrinthine packing structures from ferrohydrodynamic instabilities is well recognized in industry and popular science. We employ these instabilities as a mold for the direct casting of rigid materials with complex periodic features. This research was presented at the 2018 ACADIA conference in Mexico City.&nbsp; More detailed information about the project can be found in the full conference paper, available <a href=\"https:\/\/research.gsd.harvard.edu\/maps\/files\/2018\/11\/Fluid-Equilibrium_ACADIA-2018-Proceedings.pdf\">here.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e4d4056b262&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" class=\"wp-block-image wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on-async--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/research.gsd.harvard.edu\/maps\/files\/2024\/11\/02_Seibold-1120x292-1.jpg\" alt=\"Left are pictures of ferrofluid with and without a magnetic field.\nRight is a diagram showing the fundamental components of the casting process\" class=\"wp-image-6428\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px\">The variable states of ferrofluid are shown above: 1) Ferrofluid without a magnetic field 2) Ferrofluid exposed to a magnetic field, and 3) Ferrofluid and uncured epoxy resin exposed to a magnetic field. The image at right shows the fundamental components of casting process.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e4d4056b970&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" class=\"wp-block-image wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on-async--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/research.gsd.harvard.edu\/maps\/files\/2024\/11\/06_Seibold-1120x491-1.jpg\" alt=\"Picture showing the simulation process\" class=\"wp-image-6432\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px\">Using a bitmap-based computational workflow and an array of high-strength neodymium magnets with linear staging, we are able to program macro-scale pattern formation by modulating the magnetic field density within a single cast. Using this approach, it is possible to program specific patterns in the resulting cast tiles at both the micro- and macro-scale and thus generate tiled arrays with predictable halftone-like image features. The research team developed a range of image processing and pattern calibration strategies to predict the outcome of a given cast.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e4d4056c1aa&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" class=\"wp-block-image wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on-async--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/research.gsd.harvard.edu\/maps\/files\/2024\/11\/05_Seibold-1120x660-1.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph of the actuator assembly with an epoxy cast\ntile on the upper platform (left), the Arduino microcontroller and circuit (middle), and the digital interface developed in Grasshopper for Rhinoceros 5.0 (right)\" class=\"wp-image-6431\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px\">An actuator assembly with an epoxy cast tile on the upper platform (left), the arduino microcontroller and circuit (middle), and the digital interface developed in Grasshopper for Rhinoceros 5.0 (right).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e4d4056c957&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" class=\"wp-block-image wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on-async--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/research.gsd.harvard.edu\/maps\/files\/2024\/11\/03_Seibold-1120x745-1.jpg\" alt=\"Detail images showing the range of patterns generated in epoxy resin by varying the magnetic field strength, quantity of ferrofluid, and amount of casting medium\" class=\"wp-image-6429\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px\">The above detail images show the range of patterns generated in epoxy resin by varying the magnetic field strength, quantity of ferrofluid, and amount of casting medium. Each image field shows a 30 mm square sample area.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e4d4056d1fd&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" class=\"wp-block-image wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on-async--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/research.gsd.harvard.edu\/maps\/files\/2024\/11\/07_Seibold-1120x1120-1.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph of epoxy resin tile array\" class=\"wp-image-6433\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px\">The above photograph shows an array of epoxy resin tiles used to recreate an image. Each tile measures 96 mm in width and height, used 225g of resin, and up to 25g of ferrofluid, resulting in a tile thickness of approximately 10 mm.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e4d4056d9d0&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" class=\"wp-block-image wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on-async--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/research.gsd.harvard.edu\/maps\/files\/2024\/11\/08_Seibold-1120x665-1.jpg\" alt=\"Pictures of tile casts generated in a range of materials using the same magnetic field\" class=\"wp-image-6434\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px\"><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 16px\">We have adapted this approach for a variety of materials typically used in the architecture, engineering, and construction industries (AEC) including epoxys, ceramics, and cements.&nbsp;Tile casts generated in a range of materials using the same magnetic field are shown above. Tiles B \u2013 G were spray-painted white to facilitate comparison between pattern geometries since remnant ferrofluid can cause staining or discoloration in untreated samples.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Project Team: <\/strong>Martin Bechthold, James Weaver, Allen Sayegh, Zach Seibold, Jonathan Grinham, Olga Geletina, Onyemaechi Ahanotu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px\">For press enquiries contact Zach Seibold (<a class=\"o365button\" role=\"link\" href=\"mailto:zseibold@gsd.harvard.edu\"><span class=\"ms-font-s ms-font-color-themePrimary\" title=\"zseibold@gsd.harvard.edu\">zseibold@gsd.harvard.edu<\/span><\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Researchers at the Material Processes and Systems Group have developed a computationally-based manufacturing process that allows for variable pattern casting through the use of ferrofluid \u2013 a mixture of suspended magnetic nanoparticles in a carrier liquid.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1399,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1406","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-portfolio"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - 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